Washington, April 7 : Kids lacking an ability to regulate their behaviour, or to delay gratification in exchange for a larger reward, are more likely to become overweight by their pre-teen years, according to a study.

"Obesity in childhood and adolescence appears to track into adulthood, increasing the risk of developing cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus and certain cancers in adulthood," the authors write as background information in one of the articles.

"To mount effective preventive efforts, we need better information regarding the factors involved in the etiology of childhood overweight and obesity," they add.

Dr. Lori A. Francis and Dr. Elizabeth J. Susman, both from Pennsylvania State University, State College, assessed self-regulation behaviour in 1,061 children.

They gathered the data when the children were 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 12 years old.

At age 3, the children participated in a self-control assessment that involved sitting alone in a room with a toy for 150 seconds. Those who waited at least 75 seconds to play with the toy were classified as high in self-regulation.

At age 5, the children participated in an exercise in delayed gratification that involved choosing a smaller portion of a favourite food immediately or a larger portion several minutes later. High self-regulation was defined as waiting at least 210 seconds to eat the food.

The researchers said that children that were unable to regulate their behavior at both ages had the highest body mass index (BMI) scores for their age at 12 years and the most rapid increases in BMI over the nine-year follow-up, compared to those who showed high self-control on both tests.

"The findings reported herein have potential for early prevention of obesity," the authors write.

"The implication is that interventions to enhance energy-balance regulation in young children will benefit from efforts to encourage self-regulation in other domains, such as encouraging self-control and delay of gratification, both of which are important factors in regulating energy intake," the authors add.

Another study led by Dr. Desiree M. Seeyave of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, involved a similar self-imposed waiting task to gauge 4-year-olds'' ability to delay gratification.

The researchers asked the children to choose candy, animal crackers or pretzels as their preferred food, and then left them alone with two plates of different quantities of the food.

"The child was told that he would be allowed to eat the large quantity of the chosen food if he waited until the examiner returned," the authors write.

"If he could not wait until the examiner returned, he could ring a bell to summon the examiner back into the room, at which time he could eat the small quantity," they say.

According to the researchers, 47 percent of the 805 participating children failed the test, either by ringing the bell before the seven-minute waiting period elapsed, spontaneously beginning to eat the food, becoming distressed, going to the door or calling for a parent or the examiner.

The team found that the children who showed a limited ability to delay gratification were 29 percent more likely to be overweight at age 11.

The association was partially explained by mothers'' weight status.

"The influence of maternal weight status on child weight reflects genetic as well as environmental factors, such as feeding patterns and availability of food," the authors write.

Parenting techniques may be available to help kids develop an ability to delay gratification, write the authors.

"Some strategies that have been described in prior studies have been keeping the desired item (in this case, food) out of sight (and therefore out of mind) or distracting the child''s attention from the food to another engaging activity. Another possibility is simply providing a logical structure to snacks and mealtimes such that the child learns that food is not to be eaten the moment it is desired, but to wait until the next snack or meal time," they note.

The study has been reported in the Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, one of the JAMA/Archives journals. (ANI)